Spatial Database
Definition
A spatial database stores and queries geospatial data efficiently using geometry types, spatial indexes, and functions. Examples include PostGIS, SQL Server with spatial, and Oracle Spatial. Key capabilities are coordinate transformations, topological predicates, buffering, overlays, raster support, and network routing. Performance depends on indexes (R‑tree/GiST), tiling, and query design.
Application
Enterprises centralize parcels, roads, and assets in spatial databases for consistency and security. Analysts run complex spatial joins and aggregations. APIs expose features to apps and web maps. Event tables and materialized views support near real‑time dashboards.
FAQ
What indexing choices matter most for performance?
Use GiST or R‑tree indexes on geometry/geography columns, constrain bounding boxes, and pair with b‑tree indexes on attributes used in WHERE clauses.
How do you keep queries fast on very large layers?
Partition tables by region or time, cluster by spatial index, simplify geometries for small‑scale use, and avoid functions on columns that prevent index use.
When should you store rasters inside the database versus in object storage?
Small, frequently joined rasters benefit from in‑DB storage and tiling; massive archives perform better in object stores with pointers from tables.
How is topology enforced in a spatial database?
Topology schemas store shared edges and nodes; constraints and triggers prevent overlaps and gaps; validation procedures check consistency after edits.